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meripihka 发表于 2011-1-14 04:20 http://www.chnshiqi.com/bbs/images/common/back.gif
感谢支持！
缅甸琥珀简史
（注意我标注的红色文字）
Burmite or Burmese amber has been known since the distance past. This amber is from the Hukawng Valley in Kachin
State the northenmost state in the union of Myanmar formally known as Burma . According to ancient Chinese sources
amber from the Hukawng Valley was mined as early as the first century AD and shipped to Yannan Province in China .
From there, burmite may have found its way along the Silk Road as far west as the Roman Empire , where amber was
highly prized. It is said that that a good piece of amber was worth the price of a slave. The oldest written record referring
to Burmese amber was in the Annals of the Han Dynasty (205-265 AD). Thus, burmite has been known for about two
thousand years. Much of the exquisitely carved Chinese amber has its origin in the Hukwang Valley . Amber was also
used and is still used in Chinese medicine.
The first mention of burmite in the western world by a European was by a Portuguese Jesuit Missionary Father Alvarez
Semedo in 1655. He noted that red amber from Yunnan Province in China . In 1738, there is another brief reference to
red amber from Yunnan Province by Du Halde.
In the 19th Century, there were a series of reports about the location and mining of Burmese amber By Brester (1835)
and Pemberton (1837). Captain S. F. Hannan was the first westerner to visit the amber mines in the Hukong (Hukawng)
Valley. He described the primitive mining method utilized by the miners to recover amber consisting of digging shallow
pits with sharpened bamboo and wooden shovels. Description of the amber mines was given by Griffith in 1848 from the
“Hookhoom” Valley. Some pits, he observed were up to forth feet deep.
In 1885, the British invaded and conquered Upper Burma deposing and sent into exile the Burmese Royal Family to
India . Burma became an annex of India . With the arrival of the British the main trading route in amber went south to
Mandalay rather than to China .The Geological Survey of India sent Dr. Fritz Noetling to evaluate the resources of
northern Burma in 1892. Amber recovered from the Hukwang Valley was examined by Otto Helm who gave the name
burmite to the amber from that area. Noetling also noted the presence of insects in amber thought to be from the area in
1893.
In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific study and production continues until 1939.With the advent of the
Second World War, both the production and study languished until the 1990’s. This was due not only to the war but also
internal turmoil within Burma following its independence from Britain in 1947.
Cockerell (1917) published the first scientific paper on insect inclusions in burmite. He considered burmite to be possibly
Upper Cretaceous in age. The Indian Geological Survey published yearly production figures from the Myitkyina District
from 1898 until 1940. During this period a total of approximately 82,656 kilograms of amber were produced from the
Hukawng Valley . Scientific papers during this period include work by Stuart (1922), Cocherell (1922), Williamson
(1932), and Chibber (1934). These authors concluded that the age of burmite was Eocene or about the same age as
Baltic amber. This interpretation was based on a single observation of limestone debris dug from one of the amber pits.
Chibber (1934) contains the most detailed report of the amber mines in the Hukawng Valley during this period.
During the Second World War there was much fighting in the Hukwang Valley between the advancing allies and the
Japanese Army culminating in the fierce battle for Myitkyinathe capital of Kachin State in 1944. The war also saw the
construction of the Ledo Road through the Hukwang Valley from Ledo in India to Mytiknina to Lashio where it connected
up with the Burma Road to China . This road provided a back door to supply China with desperately needed war
material.
Since independence, Burma has been racked by internal insurgencies including fighting between the Kachin
Independence Army (KIA) and the government. It was not until the 1990’s that a peace treaty was signed and limited
access to the amber mine was possible. In 1989, the county was renamed Myanmar , which was the original Burmese
name of the country.
Since the beginning of the Second World War until recently there was been a sixty year hiatus in production. Dr. David
Grimaldi comments in his book on amber published in 1996, “Today, burmite has almost legendary appeal, in part
because the deposits are no longer mined and the supply is generally not available.”
Leeward Capital Corp., a Canadian Mining company began exploration in 1996 in northern Kachin State for gold and
platinum. With the collapse of the junior mining market due to the Bre-X Scandal in Indonesia and the drop in the gold
price, this exploration ceased due to the lack of funding. In 1999, Leeward began to evaluate the possibility of reopening
the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley . Limited production was achieved in 2000, and is currently about 500 kg per
year. The initial 100 kg gathered in the first two years was sent to Dr. Grimaldi at the American Museum of Natural
History in New York for scientific study. In 2000, Zherikjin and Ross of the Natural History Museum , London published a
scientific paper on burmite in which they determined a Cretaceous age for burmite. Grimaldi et al (2002) published a
scientific paper confirming the age of burmite as Cretaceous. Also in 2002, Cruichshank and U Ko Ko published a
description of the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley giving the amber a an Albian or uppermost Lower Cretaceous
age. This dates burmite as at between 100,000,000 and 110,000,000 years old. Burmite is thus the oldest locality from
which commercial deposits of amber can be mined. Leeward remains the sole exporter of this rare and precious amber.
Since scientific study of burmite began, there have been numerous scientific papers on the unique biota found in
burmite. This book illustrates the diversity of animal and plant life preserved in this ancient amber.
缅甸血珀磨后表面偶尔存在龟裂一样的裂纹，这是怎么回事？
血珀磨后的原石上有一层浅浅的、像大龟裂纹的纹理，这是缅甸琥珀氧化中的产物。在磨制的过程中，打磨如果不彻底，氧化层磨的不净，就会留下这种情况。如果血珀表面有点这样的龟裂纹理，有利于区别烤制的琥珀，也是缅甸血珀的重要标志。如果血珀外表全是这种龟裂纹理，说明打磨的不够（打磨少有利增加重量）。
缅甸琥珀中，金珀贵还是血珀贵？
缅甸琥珀中，100%透明、无杂质、无裂的，每块15-20克以上的琥珀，目前的价格都贵。最贵的是金珀和血珀，但是血珀价格要高一些。
缅甸金珀和抚顺金珀如何区分？
一是看色彩。抚顺的色彩饱和度高，桔黄色的多点；缅甸的浅黄多点，虽有桔黄色的但其内多有杂质。
二是看泛光。日光下，缅甸的泛蓝紫，蓝绿，鲜艳的紫红；抚顺的强光下泛墨绿，一般光线下紫色。
三是看内含物。缅甸的有橡树毛，孢子囊，由斑点组织的流纹，方解石浸入的裂纹和纹理等。抚顺的没有这些东西，有棕色纹理的像液体流动造成的，有杂质那是植物纤维。
四是看硬度。缅甸的硬度稍高，脆性大。
五是看荧光。缅甸的是明亮的蓝白，白色调重，荧光中有时有条状的流纹。抚顺的是稍暗的蓝白，蓝色重，有时偏点绿色。荧光中有煤皮留下的黑斑。
六是看偏光镜。缅甸的七色光幅宽，色彩明显。抚顺的七色光幅稍窄。
七是看手感。缅甸的粘手，抚顺的滑。
顶级的缅甸琥珀什么样？
图片来自网上，一块金珀：
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 10:43 编辑
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺（一）：
珠子都是手工制作，珠子大小不均匀，但是也很有特点，显示了原生态的味道。下面的照片来自网上：
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺（二）：
接上。图片来自网上。
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺（三）：
缅甸血珀的两种毛料。
在缅甸琥珀毛料中，缅甸血珀毛料的皮子最厚。很多料子，即使借助强光手电，从表面也看不到里面，无法判断透明度和净度。所以，买血珀毛料“赌”血珀是有风险的。但是，也有一些血珀毛料，从表面可以看到里边，这种就算品相好的了。当然，价格也不底。现从网上找到了两块较好的血珀毛料样品图片，发上来：
缅甸金珀的两种毛料
图片来自网上:
缅甸琥珀中最少的品种：蜜腊
图片来自网上
品相较好的缅甸琥珀裸石：
一图血珀，二图金珀，图片来自网上：
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 15:02 编辑
缅甸琥珀的传统工艺：缅甸耳烛
缅甸琥珀耳烛，因为外形像蜡烛，又被人称为缅甸蜡烛，它是缅甸少数民族（ ...
德道 发表于 2011-1-13 22:46 http://www.chnshiqi.com/bbs/images/common/back.gif
再补充一个图片,耳烛如何戴的: