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缅甸琥珀的相关知识集锦(欢迎大家补充)

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发表于 2011-1-14 04:20:54 | 显示全部楼层
精彩...持續關注...謝謝分享...
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 09:27:21 | 显示全部楼层
精彩...持續關注...謝謝分享...7 o5 R$ V! v0 a! _
meripihka 发表于 2011-1-14 04:20
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    感谢支持!
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 09:35:10 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀简史4 P( K: H9 N" h. x. Q+ V+ T

. i( j. u7 Z) Y4 U(注意我标注的红色文字)* P! c6 L& D7 i! `4 w7 g. q/ f, M
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  \5 d0 j" n9 ?/ qBurmite or Burmese amber has been known since the distance past. This amber is from the Hukawng Valley in Kachin
" i' g! y* ~; {& g6 IState the northenmost state in the union of Myanmar formally known as Burma . According to ancient Chinese sources & w8 c$ R  M' O5 u  q
amber from the Hukawng Valley was mined as early as the first century AD and shipped to Yannan Province in China .
( [" m  \' W6 Z" EFrom there, burmite may have found its way along the Silk Road as far west as the Roman Empire , where amber was
) I( Y. g2 z$ k  G2 v6 {highly prized. It is said that that a good piece of amber was worth the price of a slave. The oldest written record referring
5 a0 d0 s) A; q5 g: a% e) X6 zto Burmese amber was in the Annals of the Han Dynasty (205-265 AD).
Thus, burmite has been known for about two
( w* }' a! }% @1 ^2 g. a0 [thousand years. Much of the exquisitely carved Chinese amber has its origin in the Hukwang Valley . Amber was also # q6 S% J$ ~! s# C$ r
used and is still used in Chinese medicine. $ u9 m( s2 r& y8 I+ f+ l! r

) K+ R# H; \, N/ R& `/ f2 f" Y' GThe first mention of burmite in the western world by a European was by a Portuguese Jesuit Missionary Father Alvarez
) b; Z% M/ G& }' G+ KSemedo in 1655. He noted that red amber from Yunnan Province in China . In 1738, there is another brief reference to
: e) O6 f6 y. g. V! ]red amber from Yunnan Province by Du Halde. 1 c# m6 u/ r$ N8 d( V1 M
9 s, x3 n* Q1 T2 P$ g2 ]$ ?) \
In the 19th Century, there were a series of reports about the location and mining of Burmese amber By Brester (1835) 1 v+ N4 ?. ^7 t* y# E+ Q2 P9 Y
and Pemberton (1837). Captain S. F. Hannan was the first westerner to visit the amber mines in the Hukong (Hukawng) ! w9 \4 Z+ ~# u" L/ `& }, g0 N
Valley. He described the primitive mining method utilized by the miners to recover amber consisting of digging shallow 5 J8 R4 [' o, n  m2 Z) ~6 T
pits with sharpened bamboo and wooden shovels. Description of the amber mines was given by Griffith in 1848 from the
4 V4 Z7 [9 S+ w& I1 m, U# Y“Hookhoom” Valley. Some pits, he observed were up to forth feet deep. " ^+ P# S7 D7 l8 d9 y& Z1 [
6 z+ {3 N& G! o8 x8 ~
In 1885, the British invaded and conquered Upper Burma deposing and sent into exile the Burmese Royal Family to   H( ?1 v. h5 u. C, J7 }
India . Burma became an annex of India . With the arrival of the British the main trading route in amber went south to
8 p9 W' U7 L* _$ l- k3 C* lMandalay rather than to China .  The Geological Survey of India sent Dr. Fritz Noetling to evaluate the resources of 9 ?$ B9 y: [0 {# S1 w: V, u/ n% Q
northern Burma in 1892. Amber recovered from the Hukwang Valley was examined by Otto Helm who gave the name $ n" e3 F; r* p1 q
burmite to the amber from that area. Noetling also noted the presence of insects in amber thought to be from the area in ! |5 {/ s& a3 r( ?' t' Z6 ^. u
1893. : |4 k7 e: i9 Q" Y

( ?5 O+ _% c% |9 O$ R/ {4 F5 C( ~In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific study and production continues until 1939.  With the advent of the 2 D& q8 ]- K7 u2 z9 g$ u5 w' k* L
Second World War, both the production and study languished until the 1990’s. This was due not only to the war but also 1 _; X1 n- y, U2 i6 Z7 l  V- [% }6 ^
internal turmoil within Burma following its independence from Britain in 1947.
1 Z' K" B! X7 e' A6 A
1 q. T4 [* U& K- I  T# pCockerell (1917) published the first scientific paper on insect inclusions in burmite. He considered burmite to be possibly 7 n$ _* U2 e" |- n- q
Upper Cretaceous in age.
The Indian Geological Survey published yearly production figures from the Myitkyina District ' o/ v9 g2 {! {+ x5 u
from 1898 until 1940. During this period a total of approximately 82,656 kilograms of amber were produced from the - W' _6 o7 l* u
Hukawng Valley . Scientific papers during this period include work by Stuart (1922), Cocherell (1922), Williamson 7 e5 \8 k$ O- H4 ]- X6 z  v; X
(1932), and Chibber (1934). These authors concluded that the age of burmite was Eocene or about the same age as
% ^. p1 s7 o" D  E* S! F5 \Baltic amber. This interpretation was based on a single observation of limestone debris dug from one of the amber pits.
. [" a# C- A, N: VChibber (1934) contains the most detailed report of the amber mines in the Hukawng Valley during this period.
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During the Second World War there was much fighting in the Hukwang Valley between the advancing allies and the , R; i, p5 o; w! g6 g
Japanese Army culminating in the fierce battle for Myitkyina  the capital of Kachin State in 1944. The war also saw the & A5 V" h: e: |. d. n. Z
construction of the Ledo Road through the Hukwang Valley from Ledo in India to Mytiknina to Lashio where it connected
, e# e4 Z1 `1 Q& E% T1 Oup with the Burma Road to China . This road provided a back door to supply China with desperately needed war 3 [* V* K8 f9 L2 Q: d! {# J
material.
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6 y6 \1 W' W, k4 rSince independence, Burma has been racked by internal insurgencies including fighting between the Kachin
8 f) \" _. [7 |Independence Army (KIA) and the government. It was not until the 1990’s that a peace treaty was signed and limited 6 C. j5 ]1 n/ Y
access to the amber mine was possible. In 1989, the county was renamed Myanmar , which was the original Burmese
8 j# y5 _, ~( m% hname of the country. 8 |( e+ {. A' ?4 B, B! P- g2 L
! a' f% E; O) B) L0 M! V' x
Since the beginning of the Second World War until recently there was been a sixty year hiatus in production. Dr. David 5 W2 H* ]+ [& b0 v8 Z
Grimaldi comments in his book on amber published in 1996, “Today, burmite has almost legendary appeal, in part
0 C# Q/ x1 a$ D1 mbecause the deposits are no longer mined and the supply is generally not available.” 9 L1 g+ p) _% V; w

" n5 x  o2 [+ Z3 V' HLeeward Capital Corp., a Canadian Mining company began exploration in 1996 in northern Kachin State for gold and & f% o( ~8 Y5 s- d+ D
platinum. With the collapse of the junior mining market due to the Bre-X Scandal in Indonesia and the drop in the gold
% g& ~. }. r) N% a- Q' Dprice, this exploration ceased due to the lack of funding. In 1999, Leeward began to evaluate the possibility of reopening ! x! h3 A3 _$ n
the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley . Limited production was achieved in 2000, and is currently about 500 kg per
: T1 t2 [0 s) W+ m1 ~9 o' wyear. The initial 100 kg gathered in the first two years was sent to Dr. Grimaldi at the American Museum of Natural
5 S( T% k6 j* P  K! l# x* ZHistory in New York for scientific study. In 2000, Zherikjin and Ross of the Natural History Museum , London published a 1 `0 A8 f0 L2 z
scientific paper on burmite in which they determined a Cretaceous age for burmite. Grimaldi et al (2002) published a % v& K1 m3 \7 m5 X' ]" E3 k1 N7 Z% F3 ?7 U! W
scientific paper confirming the age of burmite as Cretaceous. Also in 2002, Cruichshank and U Ko Ko published a
" K. d# I0 h1 e" K0 [description of the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley giving the amber a an Albian or uppermost Lower Cretaceous 5 J. z/ _8 Q% s
age.
This dates burmite as at between 100,000,000 and 110,000,000 years old. Burmite is thus the oldest locality from ' z5 w. @0 w' I: N. O4 L
which commercial deposits of amber can be mined. Leeward remains the sole exporter of this rare and precious amber. 9 M% u7 G8 @$ A; i6 @- o
+ c4 J5 T3 s9 d0 V% u' N
Since scientific study of burmite began, there have been numerous scientific papers on the unique biota found in , Y6 v5 l# V! V% z3 C
burmite. This book illustrates the diversity of animal and plant life preserved in this ancient amber.
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:01:18 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸血珀磨后表面偶尔存在龟裂一样的裂纹,这是怎么回事?
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: [. x: B/ k( P: ]8 u血珀磨后的原石上有一层浅浅的、像大龟裂纹的纹理,这是缅甸琥珀氧化中的产物。在磨制的过程中,打磨如果不彻底,氧化层磨的不净,就会留下这种情况。如果血珀表面有点这样的龟裂纹理,有利于区别烤制的琥珀,也是缅甸血珀的重要标志。如果血珀外表全是这种龟裂纹理,说明打磨的不够(打磨少有利增加重量)。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:02:03 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀中,金珀贵还是血珀贵?
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缅甸琥珀中,100%透明、无杂质、无裂的,每块15-20克以上的琥珀,目前的价格都贵。最贵的是金珀和血珀,但是血珀价格要高一些。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:05:34 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸金珀和抚顺金珀如何区分?# e0 ]; C1 J' p( \$ T  Q

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: H8 D  @: Z1 W  J* J+ ~8 Z1 l一是看色彩。抚顺的色彩饱和度高,桔黄色的多点;缅甸的浅黄多点,虽有桔黄色的但其内多有杂质。
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, h7 W* ^% X, F" l二是看泛光。日光下,缅甸的泛蓝紫,蓝绿,鲜艳的紫红;抚顺的强光下泛墨绿,一般光线下紫色。
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' F! s& N9 ~' f8 x$ |& f三是看内含物。缅甸的有橡树毛,孢子囊,由斑点组织的流纹,方解石浸入的裂纹和纹理等。抚顺的没有这些东西,有棕色纹理的像液体流动造成的,有杂质那是植物纤维。
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" [- p/ v4 w4 z" y2 c0 V) [; \四是看硬度。缅甸的硬度稍高,脆性大。
% V. {- y3 i0 w# G/ m8 z# R0 X% B2 B
五是看荧光。缅甸的是明亮的蓝白,白色调重,荧光中有时有条状的流纹。抚顺的是稍暗的蓝白,蓝色重,有时偏点绿色。荧光中有煤皮留下的黑斑。. O) ^$ |1 _  ^+ O- c
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六是看偏光镜。缅甸的七色光幅宽,色彩明显。抚顺的七色光幅稍窄。, ?5 `( y7 y& F" j

  A& n3 q8 Z6 ^, u4 I- m七是看手感。缅甸的粘手,抚顺的滑。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:11:48 | 显示全部楼层
顶级的缅甸琥珀什么样?
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图片来自网上,一块金珀:
: x7 b  D( Q7 j2 {$ {& R- k  Z- W0 g! M7 X  h* n" {7 _) e# O
20100910_8f0467d488300a5cff9clSHjHp15n8ou.jpg
# Y7 I: S! N* E; O 20100910_e7f65dd3b708678281cb2wvSPSI8f8Ot.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:41:05 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 10:43 编辑
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) c' W, X" Y, ?# Q* o* p当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(一):
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珠子都是手工制作,珠子大小不均匀,但是也很有特点,显示了原生态的味道。下面的照片来自网上:
+ \$ f! e* D1 X6 b, `" U! ], j$ V+ f! |

/ f3 ~. C5 V0 L' o! x& A 20100715_e6ba136dd51cd56ba2b5vJs9x2phaa5Y.jpg 4 s( B* K; i" Q' o4 d
20100715_331970650823fa9dab13iuXZPXdtscHy.jpg
2 `  `9 A  V$ D2 ^2 m. L* c 20100201_899d147888a2c0a3fad75H1kCNDgZYhT.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:42:45 | 显示全部楼层
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(二):
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: _& l" z6 \! u2 B5 Y接上。图片来自网上。
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20100820_37d08739a5da265a9d56p7vECnXCoBlf.jpg
2 t) v: @8 Q: J; v6 q- x7 J" ?/ y- y 20101202_2a3b746ec149e63471adZI5Y0MtRVj0T.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:47:49 | 显示全部楼层
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(三):) e3 v2 S# b4 m( Q5 d2 z2 w
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20100917_adc840f822af728c617bjRUeWFOQtjrn.jpg
8 \- h$ G  T- Q* o) u4 ?  S  m5 E+ H 20100917_3d7b77d76c78fd0ae429s6lpB2EEiVMb.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:00:49 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸血珀的两种毛料。1 Q+ s# @& q: h* P, C7 [9 a

1 G5 a3 {  y/ ]" T- i" g3 W在缅甸琥珀毛料中,缅甸血珀毛料的皮子最厚。很多料子,即使借助强光手电,从表面也看不到里面,无法判断透明度和净度。所以,买血珀毛料“赌”血珀是有风险的。但是,也有一些血珀毛料,从表面可以看到里边,这种就算品相好的了。当然,价格也不底。现从网上找到了两块较好的血珀毛料样品图片,发上来:
3 V0 e1 U6 k; m& f0 g9 ~ 20101122_d65262994249bb3618d2xu4ApkxNozZ8.jpg 2 x6 q* j: M( m/ r* B7 Y
20101122_0c42f3a6412ce6641321cQYwJjYTFPj9.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:20:16 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸金珀的两种毛料7 D# H2 u1 y% T6 P2 x. o9 L

8 z1 O3 |/ h+ K/ Y4 X$ Z4 H' A图片来自网上:
, Z4 O% b. T- q2 k 20100906_6ad4c50d300c59cd35f3n56zk7qDXpOB.jpg
4 i1 r! }' z3 @( p) O5 e+ v 20100820_814d756705a6fbb9f41drUpbRUi2rc52.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:22:05 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀中最少的品种:蜜腊1 P3 o; ?9 N- V( _/ |; l" z9 f. v

7 q9 D: ?7 j  I( a: E3 O2 Q& B图片来自网上
6 S: B1 y; ~  _- w 20100723_68644e423f99bc283618HTeP9jMfNi7a.jpg
: o- O* N7 I9 t, C, J, j 20101011_b3c0f70f00728512f22bBZFdSrI6RM9W.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:24:11 | 显示全部楼层
品相较好的缅甸琥珀裸石:, u( S$ ~- S! H% U5 R& P
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一图血珀,二图金珀,图片来自网上:' p% h8 {; p( K- R' G7 {. A. S
20101019_24093373d4ba8e226d7dY0AXC4P1SmYf.jpg
5 F  |4 ]7 k- w! t  y0 L6 a6 l 20101019_b182c5c1c262f0ec95a4hShb8H9ZpY2G.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 14:59:54 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 15:02 编辑
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缅甸琥珀的传统工艺:缅甸耳烛
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缅甸琥珀耳烛,因为外形像蜡烛,又被人称为缅甸蜡烛,它是缅甸少数民族( ...4 p0 q9 u) v% b  [& d8 `( O9 v7 ]; Q/ d7 d
德道 发表于 2011-1-13 22:46

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再补充一个图片,耳烛如何戴的:0 P- w; X# `; ~2 ?5 u5 G
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burmeseamber1.jpg
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