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缅甸琥珀的相关知识集锦(欢迎大家补充)

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发表于 2011-1-14 04:20:54 | 显示全部楼层
精彩...持續關注...謝謝分享...
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 09:27:21 | 显示全部楼层
精彩...持續關注...謝謝分享...+ S' x' \7 d+ `+ F
meripihka 发表于 2011-1-14 04:20

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& \$ ?# e4 e% k& V% ?, k
    感谢支持!
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 09:35:10 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀简史6 m& ?1 b: W* ~4 k7 W( }- H% h

, T/ B3 V- R3 R6 ](注意我标注的红色文字)0 G3 x' @7 T$ R3 C
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, g3 ]5 x' b: R9 @Burmite or Burmese amber has been known since the distance past. This amber is from the Hukawng Valley in Kachin   _! f! L, R# h) _2 s: |
State the northenmost state in the union of Myanmar formally known as Burma . According to ancient Chinese sources : _1 q  N% n6 E3 d% _0 r# e: Y
amber from the Hukawng Valley was mined as early as the first century AD and shipped to Yannan Province in China . ( H( \0 j4 I9 F- Q& t7 F
From there, burmite may have found its way along the Silk Road as far west as the Roman Empire , where amber was
- r+ |/ R1 i- C+ zhighly prized. It is said that that a good piece of amber was worth the price of a slave. The oldest written record referring
; J( t: r* @; ]$ U& Ito Burmese amber was in the Annals of the Han Dynasty (205-265 AD).
Thus, burmite has been known for about two 2 G5 ~4 N( u  ^3 G# W! }( c7 p. x, l
thousand years. Much of the exquisitely carved Chinese amber has its origin in the Hukwang Valley . Amber was also
* B7 D0 o2 F; y9 Q9 |- M$ _used and is still used in Chinese medicine. : o. k+ q* W- w+ J/ L6 @6 {
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The first mention of burmite in the western world by a European was by a Portuguese Jesuit Missionary Father Alvarez * T; a) D5 P, F* m$ n
Semedo in 1655. He noted that red amber from Yunnan Province in China . In 1738, there is another brief reference to
9 B- Z5 x; u$ N* hred amber from Yunnan Province by Du Halde. / L  N% S# W  Q9 K3 g7 ]

9 W  ?1 }- O3 b: ~3 d1 NIn the 19th Century, there were a series of reports about the location and mining of Burmese amber By Brester (1835) 5 d/ s+ N0 ^. W0 ]5 B8 U
and Pemberton (1837). Captain S. F. Hannan was the first westerner to visit the amber mines in the Hukong (Hukawng)
9 K* F7 K1 _& y8 w( _Valley. He described the primitive mining method utilized by the miners to recover amber consisting of digging shallow
( X* ?' E& n4 a% j/ V/ ~% ^$ S( ~pits with sharpened bamboo and wooden shovels. Description of the amber mines was given by Griffith in 1848 from the
; a$ ]* ~) d$ U% o. g“Hookhoom” Valley. Some pits, he observed were up to forth feet deep.
& [. p9 `/ ~' J/ M* K! R6 |" ]9 i- P; ^2 r/ f5 b
In 1885, the British invaded and conquered Upper Burma deposing and sent into exile the Burmese Royal Family to
5 y' f3 g* z6 Z) w  ~- D" kIndia . Burma became an annex of India . With the arrival of the British the main trading route in amber went south to / B( @" D8 A. J/ q& G4 ^8 H
Mandalay rather than to China .  The Geological Survey of India sent Dr. Fritz Noetling to evaluate the resources of
, K$ H; k2 n3 E2 [0 V0 ?3 Vnorthern Burma in 1892. Amber recovered from the Hukwang Valley was examined by Otto Helm who gave the name
! B/ Q: J, s( ^, e3 Xburmite to the amber from that area. Noetling also noted the presence of insects in amber thought to be from the area in
9 h/ c3 z; }2 ^! o( u- \1893. " E8 @2 K3 D6 B4 J# z& i

& a0 v% {" s, {8 W' y" H0 ZIn the first half of the twentieth century, scientific study and production continues until 1939.  With the advent of the % A4 z; V4 o% k
Second World War, both the production and study languished until the 1990’s. This was due not only to the war but also ( m5 j' y6 [9 \# N. ~: L* y
internal turmoil within Burma following its independence from Britain in 1947.
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Cockerell (1917) published the first scientific paper on insect inclusions in burmite. He considered burmite to be possibly
1 p/ ?  l+ F6 }Upper Cretaceous in age.
The Indian Geological Survey published yearly production figures from the Myitkyina District 7 \2 i: a) D7 R0 N7 @
from 1898 until 1940. During this period a total of approximately 82,656 kilograms of amber were produced from the 0 t* D0 R% k5 e5 D& w+ f+ d, K# _7 n
Hukawng Valley . Scientific papers during this period include work by Stuart (1922), Cocherell (1922), Williamson
$ x5 a# U: ?+ ]& }' }$ B(1932), and Chibber (1934). These authors concluded that the age of burmite was Eocene or about the same age as 9 p) V7 f9 Z5 b! O3 n9 c) u' k
Baltic amber. This interpretation was based on a single observation of limestone debris dug from one of the amber pits. * f8 r. o& e: R: f( l9 E8 R7 {
Chibber (1934) contains the most detailed report of the amber mines in the Hukawng Valley during this period. # N$ X$ J% }8 h4 Y
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During the Second World War there was much fighting in the Hukwang Valley between the advancing allies and the
; j6 |+ B9 d0 R( OJapanese Army culminating in the fierce battle for Myitkyina  the capital of Kachin State in 1944. The war also saw the : B" }: m8 A3 F- M$ m- E* f" g
construction of the Ledo Road through the Hukwang Valley from Ledo in India to Mytiknina to Lashio where it connected / w5 e+ z% M) n$ v. N
up with the Burma Road to China . This road provided a back door to supply China with desperately needed war + u; R5 w) I8 d/ e2 w
material. 1 Q& d" f, f: X; @" x3 q6 i
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Since independence, Burma has been racked by internal insurgencies including fighting between the Kachin # J  G. i- t) c, H
Independence Army (KIA) and the government. It was not until the 1990’s that a peace treaty was signed and limited % ]& _' h. W6 s+ I* W" p5 l0 v* Z* {/ U
access to the amber mine was possible. In 1989, the county was renamed Myanmar , which was the original Burmese
2 N) V6 N1 N% nname of the country.
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Since the beginning of the Second World War until recently there was been a sixty year hiatus in production. Dr. David + S9 y# x( {3 h) y/ E9 b
Grimaldi comments in his book on amber published in 1996, “Today, burmite has almost legendary appeal, in part
! ]  R( O6 C$ \; i4 Rbecause the deposits are no longer mined and the supply is generally not available.”
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) O. j' v# b( d: PLeeward Capital Corp., a Canadian Mining company began exploration in 1996 in northern Kachin State for gold and ' c) c4 g5 p- a/ D$ H& g1 g( }! e
platinum. With the collapse of the junior mining market due to the Bre-X Scandal in Indonesia and the drop in the gold
  Q/ j* d8 W4 a0 w' m5 qprice, this exploration ceased due to the lack of funding. In 1999, Leeward began to evaluate the possibility of reopening 3 M4 G- e( _# a' k6 m7 Q& B( W, ?
the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley . Limited production was achieved in 2000, and is currently about 500 kg per ) Q9 j# M3 L, \+ |- v; `5 O- ?
year. The initial 100 kg gathered in the first two years was sent to Dr. Grimaldi at the American Museum of Natural * u# M& ?5 H8 c4 o
History in New York for scientific study. In 2000, Zherikjin and Ross of the Natural History Museum , London published a , g- O4 k) e# i- d+ |/ X
scientific paper on burmite in which they determined a Cretaceous age for burmite. Grimaldi et al (2002) published a
$ A5 C- l( q/ \- o5 l" F9 a$ {scientific paper confirming the age of burmite as Cretaceous. Also in 2002, Cruichshank and U Ko Ko published a
& c/ F+ L2 D! N) }) ~5 m0 j; ~# F1 ^description of the amber mines in the Hukwang Valley giving the amber a an Albian or uppermost Lower Cretaceous : n: y: A* m7 I1 [$ {9 x0 Y, `4 H
age.
This dates burmite as at between 100,000,000 and 110,000,000 years old. Burmite is thus the oldest locality from 3 H: I! d: V9 [6 R) |+ M
which commercial deposits of amber can be mined. Leeward remains the sole exporter of this rare and precious amber. $ p* ?" U, ?& s6 _- e! H" g

: H6 [* C) \( u6 e3 O2 ySince scientific study of burmite began, there have been numerous scientific papers on the unique biota found in - c, G: A; H4 ^+ M! G8 ~
burmite. This book illustrates the diversity of animal and plant life preserved in this ancient amber.
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:01:18 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸血珀磨后表面偶尔存在龟裂一样的裂纹,这是怎么回事?" q, e% O0 W# z- E, N. z

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血珀磨后的原石上有一层浅浅的、像大龟裂纹的纹理,这是缅甸琥珀氧化中的产物。在磨制的过程中,打磨如果不彻底,氧化层磨的不净,就会留下这种情况。如果血珀表面有点这样的龟裂纹理,有利于区别烤制的琥珀,也是缅甸血珀的重要标志。如果血珀外表全是这种龟裂纹理,说明打磨的不够(打磨少有利增加重量)。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:02:03 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀中,金珀贵还是血珀贵?
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* j9 R, _3 m! A; e# z1 ^; m/ f7 c缅甸琥珀中,100%透明、无杂质、无裂的,每块15-20克以上的琥珀,目前的价格都贵。最贵的是金珀和血珀,但是血珀价格要高一些。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:05:34 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸金珀和抚顺金珀如何区分?
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一是看色彩。抚顺的色彩饱和度高,桔黄色的多点;缅甸的浅黄多点,虽有桔黄色的但其内多有杂质。
' W; r; ~7 n$ Q: ?
. ]- [. P: j4 p' e2 S, M5 i5 ?  ~二是看泛光。日光下,缅甸的泛蓝紫,蓝绿,鲜艳的紫红;抚顺的强光下泛墨绿,一般光线下紫色。
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: k3 I  a: h$ P: e$ b" d9 d三是看内含物。缅甸的有橡树毛,孢子囊,由斑点组织的流纹,方解石浸入的裂纹和纹理等。抚顺的没有这些东西,有棕色纹理的像液体流动造成的,有杂质那是植物纤维。  `" e7 w, ~, [2 ]; b1 g' ]3 M

( X# p8 q  Z' U: p) p1 U6 O四是看硬度。缅甸的硬度稍高,脆性大。4 z5 F5 U- M& ]# ~
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五是看荧光。缅甸的是明亮的蓝白,白色调重,荧光中有时有条状的流纹。抚顺的是稍暗的蓝白,蓝色重,有时偏点绿色。荧光中有煤皮留下的黑斑。- v) R6 t$ D: D  j. j

- h- u! V4 n1 J0 M( N. I  d六是看偏光镜。缅甸的七色光幅宽,色彩明显。抚顺的七色光幅稍窄。
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七是看手感。缅甸的粘手,抚顺的滑。
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:11:48 | 显示全部楼层
顶级的缅甸琥珀什么样?
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; ^; W: c$ R7 F8 N* Y图片来自网上,一块金珀:
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* `$ l; y1 I# i: z% g0 o; } 20100910_8f0467d488300a5cff9clSHjHp15n8ou.jpg ( t+ y* {9 F% @- A
20100910_e7f65dd3b708678281cb2wvSPSI8f8Ot.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:41:05 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 10:43 编辑
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$ O8 e+ x5 \# |4 \8 [# U4 M. {$ n" `当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(一):
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' v. a/ `4 Z' M5 n2 w' k珠子都是手工制作,珠子大小不均匀,但是也很有特点,显示了原生态的味道。下面的照片来自网上:  q/ ?' |3 q. e; P2 K& t
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20100715_e6ba136dd51cd56ba2b5vJs9x2phaa5Y.jpg
' ~8 j5 {! D+ F6 r+ g* `5 q 20100715_331970650823fa9dab13iuXZPXdtscHy.jpg 4 |$ T  o  ?4 S2 ]0 u8 V' ~
20100201_899d147888a2c0a3fad75H1kCNDgZYhT.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:42:45 | 显示全部楼层
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(二):7 X) A0 G7 e( I

" U+ Y6 M. c* z7 c& Y  O. L( o% w接上。图片来自网上。
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4 R/ D3 x! c) {! D5 `7 e 20100820_37d08739a5da265a9d56p7vECnXCoBlf.jpg
8 D" J2 r2 }( ~; m  m. Y 20101202_2a3b746ec149e63471adZI5Y0MtRVj0T.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 10:47:49 | 显示全部楼层
当代缅甸人加工缅甸琥珀的手工工艺(三):/ f: T, t: K! P+ k5 ]5 b# j
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20100917_adc840f822af728c617bjRUeWFOQtjrn.jpg 7 }' x- M0 B, n! E
20100917_3d7b77d76c78fd0ae429s6lpB2EEiVMb.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:00:49 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸血珀的两种毛料。
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, l+ C% f# J1 r" A4 G& A在缅甸琥珀毛料中,缅甸血珀毛料的皮子最厚。很多料子,即使借助强光手电,从表面也看不到里面,无法判断透明度和净度。所以,买血珀毛料“赌”血珀是有风险的。但是,也有一些血珀毛料,从表面可以看到里边,这种就算品相好的了。当然,价格也不底。现从网上找到了两块较好的血珀毛料样品图片,发上来:
/ l+ V7 d# Q( `: h8 }3 o 20101122_d65262994249bb3618d2xu4ApkxNozZ8.jpg
4 ~, L" u3 `7 f7 ^0 a8 W' K, J 20101122_0c42f3a6412ce6641321cQYwJjYTFPj9.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:20:16 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸金珀的两种毛料
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图片来自网上:& V1 S% L5 g# G; J) k
20100906_6ad4c50d300c59cd35f3n56zk7qDXpOB.jpg
# q3 m. D! Y- F 20100820_814d756705a6fbb9f41drUpbRUi2rc52.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:22:05 | 显示全部楼层
缅甸琥珀中最少的品种:蜜腊
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4 b9 o: a5 S- e/ c$ b图片来自网上
# ^# `# N3 N" J 20100723_68644e423f99bc283618HTeP9jMfNi7a.jpg 0 w: m- b3 I; Q; i/ D* u: {5 T# n
20101011_b3c0f70f00728512f22bBZFdSrI6RM9W.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 11:24:11 | 显示全部楼层
品相较好的缅甸琥珀裸石:
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一图血珀,二图金珀,图片来自网上:5 _8 q! \. f" B8 D$ b3 S. j& Y
20101019_24093373d4ba8e226d7dY0AXC4P1SmYf.jpg
0 O, u0 ^6 O6 Z7 n 20101019_b182c5c1c262f0ec95a4hShb8H9ZpY2G.jpg
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 楼主| 发表于 2011-1-14 14:59:54 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 德道 于 2011-1-14 15:02 编辑 8 B0 c5 h' R4 Y  V  _/ J
缅甸琥珀的传统工艺:缅甸耳烛6 [# O1 z6 K9 o% H. o+ f

3 B& I& q6 R2 g+ l缅甸琥珀耳烛,因为外形像蜡烛,又被人称为缅甸蜡烛,它是缅甸少数民族( ...
% ?# [& ^! P" o9 B德道 发表于 2011-1-13 22:46

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再补充一个图片,耳烛如何戴的:: r% |& H: w2 V& s
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burmeseamber1.jpg
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