[转载]老外阐述的元代瓷器

天外飞仙

元时期的中国陶瓷
During the Yuan period, cizhou, Jun and Longquan wares continued to supply traditional products to large part of the domestic market. 在元时期,磁州、君和商品继续供应龙泉大部分传统产品的国内市场。The most important development was the increasing importance of Jingdezhen as a center for porcelain production. 最重要的发展的重要性不断增加景德镇陶瓷生产中心。An indication of its importance was the setting up of the official Fuliang porcelain bureau (浮梁瓷局) in A.D 1278 whose functions included supervision and management of porcelain production in Jingdezhen for official use.一个想法的重要性是建立官方着浮梁瓷局(浮梁瓷局)在公元1278年的职责包括监督管理在景德镇陶瓷生产为官方使用。
5 c! ]$ g6 V  U" E+ L" \, kBuilding on the foundation of Qingbai, Jingdezhen also developed the shufu wares. 建筑的基础上,Qingbai、景德镇发展shufu的货物。But the most important event was the creation of Yuan blue and white wares and underglaze copper red decoration. 但最重要的事件是创造元蓝色和白色的商品和underglaze铜红装饰。The blue and white displaced cizhou iron brown decoration as the main stream underglaze decoration in Ming and Qing Dynasty. 蓝色和白色的流离失所的铁布朗装饰磁underglaze主流装饰在明清之际。This is such a popular product that many people actually equate Chinese ceramics with blue and white.这是一个受欢迎的产品,中国陶瓷几多人等同与蓝色和白色的。
% ?% \6 a+ X: m1 z0 JYuan court continued the Song policy to encourage overseas ceramics trade. 这首歌元宫廷的激励政策,继续海外陶瓷贸易。Longquan celadon was enormously popular as can be seen by the large quantity found overseas and in the number of Yuan longquan kilns sites. 龙泉青瓷非常欢迎的是可以被发现,在大量海外的数量龙泉窑遗址。元Jingdezhen Qingbai/shufu and blue and whites were also important export items.景德镇Qingbai / shufu和蓝色和白人也重要的出口产品。
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Jun Wares六月的商品

During the Yuan period, Jun ware grew in popularity in Northern China. 在元时期,小君制品逐渐普及在中国北部。The number of kilns making Jun wares was enormous covering Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia . 使君的数量巨大的商品窑覆盖河南、河北、山西、内蒙古。The vessels consisted of mainly bowl, plates and with small number of jars, censers and vases. 船只由主要碗、盘和小数量的瓶和花瓶拿到。Interestingly, no Jun wares was excavated in region south of the Yangzi river. 有趣的是,没有君在华南地区的商品被发掘出来的长江。They were essentially made for use domestically in Northern China. 他们基本上为国内应用在中国北部。Yuan Jun vessels are typically heavily potted and have unglazed footring and base.元君容器,典型的大量unglazed footring盆栽和基地。

One rare exception of Southern China Jun produced during the period was in中国南部的一个罕见的例外君这个时期是在过程中产生的Zhejiang Jinhua region.浙江金华地区。In the Sinan shipwreck, there were some Jun wares which were from Jinhua Tiedian kiln (金华铁店窑).在Sinan海难,有几个小君商品来自金华Tiedian窑(金华铁店窑)。

Cizhou wares磁州的商品

Cizhou wares continued to enjoy popularity in Northern China and mainly produced for domestic use. 磁继续很流行的商品在中国北部,主要生产家居使用。However, some were also exported overseas and were excavated in Southeast Asia countries. 然而,有些也被出口海外,发掘东南亚各国。The main decorative style was underglaze iron-painted black/brown motif.主要的装饰风格iron-painted underglaze黑色/棕色的主题。

Longquan Wares龙泉的商品
Longquan celadon reached the peak of its production during the Yuan dynasty. 龙泉青瓷达到顶峰的生产在元朝。It is characterised by the production of large vessels such as large plates, guan jars and vases. 它的特点是生产大型船舶如大板、管的器皿,花瓶。This is a great achievement as large vessels are not easy to produced successfully. 这是一个伟大的成就为大血管生成是不容易成功。Besides the continued use of curved/impressed motif, molded motif in relief also gained popularity during this period. 除了继续使用弯曲/印象的主题,塑造母救援也流行在这个时期。Some decorative elements such as iron-brown rust colour splashes/spots and biscuit form motif was also popular.一些装饰元素,例如iron-brown锈点和颜色斑点/饼干形成主题也很受欢迎。

For more on longquan celadon, please read :龙泉青瓷上为更多,请参阅:[url=]Longquan wares龙泉的商品[/url]

Qingbai and Shufu waresQingbai和Shufu商品
- a5 R) N% A- X! g3 jQingbai wares continued to be popular during the Yuan dynasty. Qingbai商品继续流行在元朝。During this period, some of the Qingbai products were decorated with iron-brown rust splashes/spots.在此期间,一些Qingbai产品都装饰着iron-brown锈斑点/斑点。
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Yuan Qingbai horse on rider with brown spots元Qingbai骑手的马在棕色斑点

Yuan Qingbai with molded bird motif元Qingbai与塑造鸟的主旨机构,太西无烟粉煤为主要原料Zongyin元[太禧宗禋院]太禧宗禋院]which dealt with religious rites of the imperial court. 处理的宗教仪式的皇家法院。It was set up in A.D. 1328. 它成立于公元1328年。Hence, they should be made at least after A.D. 1328. 因此,他们应该至少在公元1328年。A small number of shufu wares continued to be made in the Hongwu period. 少量的shufu商品继续在洪武时期。The glaze was subsequently further improved and a pleasing sugary white glaze known as Tianbai [随后釉进一步的提高,一个令人愉快的含糖的白色釉面被称为Tianbai[甜白甜白] was produced during the Yongle period.]是在文艺复兴时期产生的永乐年间。

Some shufu wares were decorated with overglaze red/green motif. 一些shufu商品上都装饰着红/绿的主旨。A very rare type was the embossed effect motif created by trailing the outline of motif with coloured-slip and completed with in-laid gold. 一个非常罕见的类型是影响了浮雕图案的轮廓与落后coloured-slip主题,完成了与in-laid金。Most the the examples in existent are in Shanghai museum. 最在生存的例子是在上海博物馆。The enamels consisted of red, green, yellow, white, blue and torquose blue colour. 瓷釉的组成的红、绿、黄、白、蓝、torquose蓝颜色。Vessels with such unique decorative techniques consisted of bowls, saucers, stem cups/bowls and, yuhuchun vases and censers.这种独特的装饰技巧容器组成的碗碟干杯/碗,yuhuchun花瓶和拿到。
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是有保留的主题在蓝色的背景上。

天外飞仙

For more on Shufu ware, please read:更多关于Shufu制品,请阅读:[url=]Shufu (luan bai) waresShufu货物(六安白)[/url]
5 T3 ^( t0 H7 h4 C7 F% E$ ?Types of Jingdezhen Yuan Underglaze Decorations类型的景德镇元Underglaze装饰品
, S# E: z5 T+ W2 Y8 [/ ZIn the Sinan cargo, there were a few pieces of qingbai glaze bowl with underglaze iron-brown decoration. 在Sinan货物,有几件qingbai碗iron-brown underglaze釉装饰。The production of this category of decoration was apparently small and did not win many admirers. 生产这类装饰显然小,不赢了许多崇拜者。Cobalt oxide and to a much lesser extent copper oxide were found to be more suitable as medium for underglaze decoration on porcelain wares.氧化钴与到一个更少氧化铜被发现是更合适的媒介上装饰underglaze陶器。
Underglaze blue and white waresUnderglaze蓝色和白色的货物
% X! _" m* {2 U4 e3 H/ S4 U8 ]Yuan blue and whites were produced from about A.D 1330. 元蓝色和白人产生大约从公元1330年。It was earlier thought to be around A.D 1319 (6th year of yuanyou (这是被认为有早些时候公元1319年(6th yuanyou(元祐））元祐)based on a pair of vases excavated in Hubei. 基于一对花瓶挖掘在湖北。However, scientific test has confirmed that the colorant used is iron oxide and not cobalt.然而,科学实验证实,该着色剂是铁氧化物和不使用钴。
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There are two types of Yuan blue and whites ie the high end type with vibrant blue and those small vessels with greyish tone blue. 有两种类型的元蓝色和白人(高端类型和生气勃勃的蓝色和灰色的小容器色调蓝色的。Those which are found in the Middle East are generally the high-end type. 那些被发现在中东地区一般高端类型。They consisted of large plates, guan jars, rectangular flat vases, meiping/ yuhuchun/ gourd-shape vases and big bowls. 他们由大板、管瓶、矩形平面花瓶,梅yuhuchun / gourd-shape /花瓶和大碗。The best collections are now in Topkapu Saray in Istanbul Turkey and Ardebil in Iran Bustan in Tehran.那些最好的收集Topkapu Saray现在在伊斯坦布尔Ardebil Bustan土耳其和伊朗德黑兰。
% L2 b% f: P3 _8 _2 T1 m6 EThe motif and composition on the pieces was similar to that of the David Vase. 主题和组成对其作品是大卫相似的花瓶。It is termed Zhizheng type. 它被称为Zhizheng类型。The quality is consistently very high and typically with different motifs organised within separate band. 质量始终很高,通常有不同的主题在单独组织的乐队。For example, the David vase has 8 bands of motifs. 例如,大卫花瓶有8成群的图案。The glaze on the vessel is also more transparent with a tinge of blue. 在船舶上釉,更透明,蓝色的气息。It is very different from the Qingbai or shufu glaze found on those small blue and white vessels for the Southeast Asia market.这是非常不同于Qingbai或shufu釉上找到这些小蓝色和白色器皿东南亚市场。
The varieties of motif are numerous ranging from many different type of flowers and floral scrolls, dragon, phoenix, crane, heron, mandarin duck, fish, mystical animals, Buddhist precious objects, clouds, waves, human and landscape depicting scene from ancient episode from the 3 kingdom and Han Dynasty. 品种众多的主题从许多不同类型的花和植物的卷轴,龙,凤凰,起重机,鹭、鸳鸯、鱼、神秘的动物,佛教珍贵的对象、云、波浪、人力和景观描绘古代事件场景3国和汉朝。Visually the composition looks crowded as if the designer is adverse to leaving empty spaces. 视觉上这作文看起来拥挤,如果设计师水墨画里面是不利的。But they do not look dis-organised or messy. 却不仰望dis-organised或凌乱。Another interesting approach is having some of the motifs reserved in a blue background.另一个有趣的方法是有保留的主题在蓝色的背景上。

Most of the lower quality blue and whites, such as s大部分的质量较差的蓝色和白人,如年代mall ewers, small jarlets, cups and bowls with a Qingbai or shufu glaze审计购物中心、小jarlets、杯、球、花,都与一个Qingbai或shufu果冻were exported to Southeast Asia countries such as Philippines and Indonesia.出口到东南亚国家,如菲律宾和印度尼西亚。The design is generally simple, consisting of floral motif decorated with grayish local cobalt blue. 简单的设计通常是由植物装饰图案灰色当地钴蓝。But there were small quantity of high quality guans, plates and vases with motifs arranged in separate bands as typified by the David vase.但有少量的高质量的guans、板、花瓶和图案在不同孔隙安排乐队由大卫的花瓶。
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天外飞仙

天外飞仙 发表于 2011-11-29 01:39
For more on Shufu ware, please read:更多关于Shufu制品,请阅读:Shufu (luan bai) waresShufu货物(六安白) ...

9 j7 ~7 r' D: B1 uMost of the lower quality blue and whites, such as s大部分的质量较差的蓝色和白人,如年代mall ewers, small jarlets, cups and bowls with a Qingbai or shufu glaze审计购物中心、小jarlets、杯、球、花,都与一个Qingbai或shufu果冻were exported to Southeast Asia countries such as Philippines and Indonesia.出口到东南亚国家,如菲律宾和印度尼西亚。The design is generally simple, consisting of floral motif decorated with grayish local cobalt blue. 简单的设计通常是由植物装饰图案灰色当地钴蓝。But there were small quantity of high quality guans, plates and vases with motifs arranged in separate bands as typified by the David vase.但有少量的高质量的guans、板、花瓶和图案在不同孔隙安排乐队由大卫的花瓶。

It is generally believed that those high end type of blue and white with vibrant blue used imported cobalt. 人们普遍认为,那些高端类型的蓝色和白色的花和生气勃勃的蓝色使用进口钴。Those with greyish tone are decorated with local cobalt. 那些灰色色调布置与当地的钴。However, recent scientific tests have shown that all the Yuan blue and white used imported cobalt. 然而,最近的科学试验显示,所有的元使用进口钴蓝色和白色。The imported cobalt is called sumali [苏麻离青] or suboni [苏渤泥青] blue. 进口钴被称为sumali suboni[苏麻离青]或[苏渤泥青]蓝色的。Some suggested sources of the imported cobalt are Kashan in Iran or Samarra in Iraq.有人建议的来源是在伊朗进口钴Kashan或迈在伊拉克。
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To find out more about Yuan blue and white, please read想了解更多关于元蓝色和白色的花,请阅读[url=]this article本文[/url].

Underglaze Copper Red wareUnderglaze铜红瓷

The earliest known example of Yuan underglaze copper red is probably the dish found in the Sinan shipwreck (A.D. 1325). 已知的最早的例子可能是元铜红underglaze盘子里发现的沉船Sinan(公元1325年)。It has two leaf incised, washed with a lighter copper red and calligraphy written in a thicker copper red pigment. 它有两个叶内,用轻洗铜红、书法写在厚铜红颜料。The dish was then covered with a Qingbai glaze and fired. 盘子然后覆盖着一层釉、Qingbai解雇。Most of the known examples of the copper red were decorated with motif executed in pencilled style. 大多数的已知铜红的例子都装饰着主题式用铅笔画的风格。Majority has the Qingbai type glaze. 大多数类型的Qingbai果冻。The red is usually light and grayish to tone, indicating that control over the material is still not perfected.红通常是光和灰色调,表明控制资料还不完善。

Copper red is volatile and unstable during firing. 不稳定和不稳定的铜红在开火。If too thinly applied, it may volatilise and lose its red colour. 如果太稀薄应用,它可以volatilise失去其红色。If too thickly applied, it becomes unsightly darkish in tone. 如果得太厚应用,它就变得难看的语气darkish。There are a number of extant copper red vessels with impressed or incised motif. 有许多现存的铜红容器或切割的印象的主旨。The copper red was either washed over the motif or the motif reserved with red background. 要么是铜红冲上来主题主题或保留与红色的背景。They may be examples of early experimentation with copper red.他们可能是早期的实验的例子铜红。

Yuan copper red ewer with floral motif recovered from the sea in Indonesia元有花的图案的铜红ewer恢复海水的印尼

Yuan copper red ewer with fish recovered from Indonesia Trowulan元的铜红ewer鱼从印度尼西亚Trowulan中恢复过来

There were also some vessels decorated with underglaze blue and copper red. 也有一些容器underglaze装饰蓝色和铜红。A good example is the below guan in the David Percival Foundaton. 一个很好的例子就是下面Percival罗贯中《大卫Foundaton。It has added decorative elements of trailed slip beaded lines and moulded decorative element luted and looks like open work in relief. 它增加了落后的装饰元素的串珠线和滑动模luted装饰元素,看起来像开放工作在救济。This style of decoration was popular during the Yuan period and found on many Qingbai guan jar and yu hu chun vases. 这种风格的装饰很受欢迎,发现在元时期在许多Qingbai馆罐子,董婕春的花瓶。The Qingbai glaze on such vessels appear more opaque and could sometime be confused with shufu glaze.Qingbai船只的釉,显得更加透明和不可能有时shufu釉混在一起。

Monochrome Blue wares单色蓝色的商品

Monochrome blue glaze was successfully produced during the Yuan period. 蓝釉单色成功元时期在文艺复兴时期产生的。There a a beautiful sapphire colour tone. 有一个美丽的蓝宝石色彩基调。There were some examples of wine cup, saucer and vessel yi found in Hebei baoding. 有一些例子酒的杯、碟、压力容器在河北保定易发现。There were traces of gold decoration on the vessels.有痕迹的黄金饰品的血管。

金口俗

没文化，我好多英文看不懂